From occupational exposure on the job to accidental contact with contaminated surfaces, children tragically ingesting patches, and other accidental contact, it’s important to understand the risks behind fentanyl exposure. New products and other safety measures can help reduce exposure to this highly dangerous opioid. They can minimize both the long-term and short-term risks associated with fentanyl poisoning.

What is Fentanyl Exposure?

Exposure to a substance means to come into contact with it, either accidentally or purposefully. In the case of fentanyl, there are several different routes exposure can occur. These include:

  • Inhalation, meaning it can enter the body if it is breathed in.
  • Intravenously, meaning it can be injected directly into the veins.
  • Intramuscularly, meaning it can be injected directly into the muscle.
  • Oral exposure or ingestion.
  • Skin contact, also known as dermal contact or dermal absorption.

Is One Exposure Route More Dangerous Than Another?

Not necessarily. While it’s true that someone who, for instance, injects fentanyl intravenously may experience a faster onset of symptoms, inhalation or skin contact can also lead to immediate and severe reactions. This is especially true if the amount someone comes into contact with is substantial. 

Fortunately, the risk remains low that someone with only minimal contact with fentanyl will suffer severe effects like overdose. In fact, a recent study on the perceived risk of fentanyl exposure among law enforcement officials found that it would take approximately 14 minutes with both palms covered with fentanyl patches, manufactured to maximize dermal absorption, to receive a therapeutic dose of 100 mcg of fentanyl.

First responders and those who may come into contact with fentanyl must take precautions despite these low risks. Touching, inhaling, or ingesting even a small amount of fentanyl can still be dangerous, especially for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or children.

Who is at Risk?

While anyone can potentially be exposed to fentanyl, some occupations and situations pose higher risks than others.

Public Transit Employees

From bus drivers and operators to maintenance workers and ticket inspectors, public transit employees are at risk of exposure to fentanyl and other harmful substances. A recent study conducted by the University of Washington examining fentanyl and methamphetamine levels in public transit systems found that both lingered in the air and on surfaces.

Results found methamphetamine on 98% of surface samples and 100% of air samples within public transit vehicles. They detected fentanyl in 46% of surfaces and 25% of air samples. One air sample even exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s federal recommendations for airborne fentanyl exposure at work.

Law Enforcement Officers

Law enforcement officers also face high risks of fentanyl exposure in the line of duty. They may encounter the drug during routine traffic stops, drug busts, or when searching suspects and their belongings. While no official statistics on the number of law enforcement officers suffering from fentanyl exposure exist, anecdotal evidence and reports from first responders suggest it is a growing concern. 

Health Workers

In addition to first responders and law enforcement officers, health workers are also at risk of fentanyl exposure. These professionals may come into contact with the drug while treating patients who have overdosed, during forensic testing in drug-related cases, and also as part of their jobs since fentanyl and other opioids are still widely used to treat severe pain.

Children

Sadly, one of the most vulnerable groups at risk of fentanyl exposure is children. With an increase in accidental overdoses and improper disposal of drugs, children may come into contact with fentanyl unknowingly.

It’s crucial for parents and caregivers to properly store and dispose of prescription medications and illegal drugs to prevent accidental ingestion by children. Studies show that chewed fentanyl patches are one of the most common causes of lethal fentanyl exposure in children.

How to Stay Safe

The million-dollar question – how can we stay safe from fentanyl? While it may be impossible to completely eliminate the risk, there are steps we can take to minimize our exposure.

Personal Protective Equipment and Proper Decontamination

For those who work in industries with a higher risk of fentanyl exposure, such as healthcare workers and law enforcement officers, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial. This includes:

  • Decontamination products: Products like the SoRite DECON Flat Pack Wipes are an excellent choice for first responders and public workers. This Professional Grade Decontaminant is designed to degrade narcotics. Keep in mind, it’s important to use these products as directed for the best results.
  • Gloves: Nitrile gloves are the go-to for medical professionals who are at risk of coming into contact with fentanyl. 
  • Masks: Respiratory masks, such as N95 masks, can provide a barrier against inhaling fentanyl particles. Surgical masks are also a good option if N95 masks aren’t available.
  • Protective clothing: Full-body protective suits, long-sleeve shirts, long pants, and closed-toe shoes can reduce exposure risk.

No matter what type of protection is used, never reuse, share, or touch the contaminated surfaces of PPE. In addition, always follow the CDC’s guidelines for fentanyl exposure decontamination procedures. These include washing any surfaces that come into contact with fentanyl, including skin, with soap and water immediately working down from head to toe.

Proper Disposal

Proper disposal of prescription medications and illegal drugs is key in preventing accidental exposure to fentanyl, especially for children. Dispose of and store drugs in sealed areas not easily accessible to children or pets, like a locked trash can or cabinet.

If you’re not sure of proper disposal techniques, check with your local pharmacy for take-back programs or follow specific disposal instructions on the medication label. If you come across illegal drugs that may contain fentanyl, do not handle them and contact your local law enforcement immediately for proper disposal.

Education and Training

Knowledge is power, and this certainly holds true when it comes to fentanyl exposure. Those who may come into contact with the drug to receive proper education and training on the dangers of fentanyl and how to handle it safely.

This includes knowing how to properly dispose of drugs, recognizing signs of overdose, and understanding how to administer naloxone. This opioid antagonist is not dangerous if administered to someone who is not experiencing an opioid overdose, so don’t hesitate to use it if you suspect someone is overdosing on fentanyl!

Stay Informed, Stay Safe

No matter how minimal your chances may seem, it’s important to stay informed and educated on the dangers of fentanyl exposure. Familiarize yourself with local resources and protocols in case of accidental exposure or overdose. 

If you need help for yourself or a loved one due to fentanyl use or opioid addiction, the American Addiction Foundation can help connect you with local resources. Contact our consultants today for more information and to start on your journey toward sobriety.